History of statistics Wikipedia. The history of statistics can be said to start around 1. In early times, the meaning was restricted to information about states. This was later extended to include all collections of information of all types, and later still it was extended to include the analysis and interpretation of such data. In modern terms, statistics means both sets of collected information, as in national accounts and temperature records, and analytical work which requires statistical inference. Statistical activities are often associated with models expressed using probabilities, and require probability theory for them to be put on a firm theoretical basis see History of probability. A number of statistical concepts have an important impact on a wide range of sciences. These include the design of experiments and approaches to statistical inference such as Bayesian inference, each of which can be considered to have their own sequence in the development of the ideas underlying modern statistics. IntroductioneditBy the 1. For at least two millennia, these data were mainly tabulations of human and material resources that might be taxed or put to military use. In the early 1. 9th century, collection intensified, and the meaning of statistics broadened to include the discipline concerned with the collection, summary, and analysis of data. Today, data is collected and statistics are computed and widely distributed in government, business, most of the sciences and sports, and even for many pastimes. Practical Nonparametric Statistics 2Nd Edition' title='Practical Nonparametric Statistics 2Nd Edition' />Messy Data, Outliers, and Nonresponse. Barnett, Vic, and Toby Lewis, Outliers in Statistical Data, 3rd edition, Wiley, 1994. Fomby, Thomas, Messy Data Missing. Electronic computers have expedited more elaborate statistical computation even as they have facilitated the collection and aggregation of data. A single data analyst may have available a set of data files with millions of records, each with dozens or hundreds of separate measurements. These were collected over time from computer activity for example, a stock exchange or from computerized sensors, point of sale registers, and so on. Computers then produce simple, accurate summaries, and allow more tedious analyses, such as those that require inverting a large matrix or perform hundreds of steps of iteration, that would never be attempted by hand. Essentials of Biostatistics in Public Health, Third Edition provides a fundamental and engaging background for students learning to apply and appropriately interpret. Sparse codingthat is, modelling data vectors as sparse linear combinations of basis elementsis widely used in machine learning, neuroscience, signal processing. I/21prNjVYLWL._SR600%2C315_PIWhiteStrip%2CBottomLeft%2C0%2C35_PIStarRatingFOURANDHALF%2CBottomLeft%2C360%2C-6_SR600%2C315_ZA(7%20Reviews)%2C445%2C286%2C400%2C400%2Carial%2C12%2C4%2C0%2C0%2C5_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg' alt='Practical Nonparametric Statistics 2Nd Edition' title='Practical Nonparametric Statistics 2Nd Edition' />Faster computing has allowed statisticians to develop computer intensive methods which may look at all permutations, or use randomization to look at 1. The term mathematical statistics designates the mathematical theories of probability and statistical inference, which are used in statistical practice. The relation between statistics and probability theory developed rather late, however. In the 1. 9th century, statistics increasingly used probability theory, whose initial results were found in the 1. By 1. 80. 0, astronomy used probability models and statistical theories, particularly the method of least squares. Early probability theory and statistics was systematized in the 1. The development of statistical reasoning was closely associated with the development of inductive logic and the scientific method, which are concerns that move statisticians away from the narrower area of mathematical statistics. Much of the theoretical work was readily available by the time computers were available to exploit them. By the 1. 97. 0s, Johnson and Kotz produced a four volume Compendium on Statistical Distributions First Edition 1. Applied statistics can be regarded as not a field of mathematics but an autonomous mathematical science, like computer science and operations research. Unlike mathematics, statistics had its origins in public administration. Applications arose early in demography and economics large areas of micro and macro economics today are statistics with an emphasis on time series analyses. With its emphasis on learning from data and making best predictions, statistics also has been shaped by areas of academic research including psychological testing, medicine and epidemiology. The ideas of statistical testing have considerable overlap with decision science. With its concerns with searching and effectively presenting data, statistics has overlap with information science and computer science. EtymologyeditLook up statistics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The term statistics is ultimately derived from the New Latinstatisticum collegium council of state and the Italian word statista statesman or politician. The German. Statistik, first introduced by Gottfried Achenwall 1. English. It acquired the meaning of the collection and classification of data generally in the early 1. It was introduced into English in 1. Sir John Sinclair when he published the first of 2. Statistical Account of Scotland. Thus, the original principal purpose of Statistik was data to be used by governmental and often centralized administrative bodies. The collection of data about states and localities continues, largely through national and international statistical services. In particular, censuses provide frequently updated information about the population. The first book to have statistics in its title was Contributions to Vital Statistics 1. Francis GP Neison, actuary to the Medical Invalid and General Life Office. Origins in probability theoryeditBasic forms of statistics have been used since the beginning of civilization. Early empires often collated censuses of the population or recorded the trade in various commodities. The Roman Empire was one of the first states to extensively gather data on the size of the empires population, geographical area and wealth. The use of statistical methods dates back to least to the 5th century BCE. The historian Thucydides in his History of the Peloponnesian War2 describes how the Athenians calculated the height of the wall of Platea by counting the number of bricks in an unplastered section of the wall sufficiently near them to be able to count them. The count was repeated several times by a number of soldiers. The most frequent value in modern terminology the mode so determined was taken to be the most likely value of the number of bricks. Multiplying this value by the height of the bricks used in the wall allowed the Athenians to determine the height of the ladders necessary to scale the walls. In the Indian epic the Mahabharata Book 3 The Story of Nala King Rtuparna estimated the number of fruit and leaves 2. Vibhitaka tree by counting them on a single twig. This number was then multiplied by the number of twigs on the branches. This estimate was later checked and found to be very close to the actual number. With knowledge of this method Nala was subsequently able to regain his kingdom. The earliest writing on statistics was found in a 9th century book entitled Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages, written by Al Kindi 8. CE. In his book, Al Kindi gave a detailed description of how to use statistics and frequency analysis to decipher encrypted messages. This text arguably gave rise to the birth of both statistics and cryptanalysis. The Trial of the Pyx is a test of the purity of the coinage of the Royal Mint which has been held on a regular basis since the 1. The Trial itself is based on statistical sampling methods. After minting a series of coins originally from ten pounds of silver a single coin was placed in the Pyx a box in Westminster Abbey. After a given period now once a year the coins are removed and weighed. How To Install A Belt On A Maytag Performa Dryer No Heat. A sample of coins removed from the box are then tested for purity. The Nuova Cronica, a 1.